Rabu, 07 April 2010
The Jigsaw Maniac by Ghost Hell
As Sally walked into the hotel room and looked around she saw that a strange TV in the wall was on and looked in to the TV and noticed that a figure with red eyes, red circle squiggles on it's cheeks, and a stux suit was on the screen and then said to the strange figure "Hello,". "Greetings," Said the Figure. "Would you like to play a game?" "A,a game?" Asked Sally. "Yes, a game to see if you can survive." "Uh, sure." Said Sally again. "Let the games begin." Announced the Figure. "The first test is to see if you can escape." Then Sally felt a cold chill in her ankle and looked down and noticed that water was flooding everywhere in the hotel room. "What's going on?" Sally Asked. "See if you can solve and puzzle of the key locks and make it out of the room before you drowned." Sally then ran straight to the room started looking for the keys and noticed that they were hanging on a poll in the right hand corner of the room. Sally then ran up to the pole and noticed that the water was already half way close to the ceiling. Sally then took a deep breath and then dove down into the water then tried every key combination she could think of then finally got all the keys in to the holes and by the time she was able to open the door water flooded all around the hallway and make it out she past out. 25 minutes later she found herself in the hotel hospital and then heard the phone ring. And picked it up and answered "Hello." "Did you enjoy the game?" A voice said over the other line.
Adjective Clause
Clauses are groups of words that have a subject and a verb but do not form complete thoughts and will not stand alone. Clauses are less than (subordinate to) sentences.
Clauses are structured in exactly the same patterns as sentences. Any clause can be identified as either transitive active, transitive passive, intransitive linking or intransitive complete. In other words, when one knows the patterns of sentences, one also knows the pattern of clauses.
Relative pronouns are special pronouns that connect adjective clauses to sentences. Usually, the relative pronoun is the first word in the adjective clause. Here are the relative pronouns:
who
whom
whose
which
that
Examples of adjective clauses
Jeffrey is the bad boy who stole the apples.
The subject of the adjective clause is who. The verb of the adjective clause is stole. The direct object of this clause is apples. Relative pronoun who refers to boy in the main part of the sentence. Boy is the noun that the entire clause describes. Boy is a noun. Anything that describes it would be an adjective. Therefore this clause is an adjective clause. This clause is pattern #1, something does something to something else.
Jane was the girl whom I trusted.
If you are asking why whom, you are asking the right question. An excellent mark of whether someone really understands the grammar of our language or not is whether that someone uses the word whom correctly. Those who use it correctly know the way basic thought patterns (sentences) are constructed. Those who use whom incorrectly are pretending to know grammar. Those who never use it, at the very least, are not being hypocritical.
Here's the secret. Who, whom and whose are of different pronoun cases.
The Three Pronoun Cases
Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case
I me my, mine
she her hers
he him his
they them their
we us ours
it it it
you you your
who whom whose
When a pronoun is used as a subject or the predicate noun in a sentence or a clause, the nominative case is used. Few native speaking individuals past the age of five make glaring mistakes in case when using personal pronouns.
I went to the bathroom. (Correct, since the pronoun is the subject)
Me went to the bathroom. (Incorrect, since we use the nominative case for subjects)
It was she who answered the phone. (Correct, since the pronoun is the predicate noun)
It was her who answered the phone. (Incorrect, since nominative case is used for
predicate nouns)
Me and Joe went to the concert. (Looks good but incorrect since me and Joe are
the subjects of the sentence. The nominative case
is used when the pronoun is used for a subject.)
When is the objective case used? Use the objective case when the pronoun is used as the object of a preposition or as the direct object.
My father gave his car to me. (Correct, since me is the object of the preposition to)
My father gave his car to I. (Incorrect, since the pronoun is the object of the
preposition)
Joe's insult hurt me. (Correct, since me is the direct object of hurt)
Joe's insult hurt I. (Incorrect, since I is the nominative case.)
See what we mean? Not many people use personal pronouns in the wrong case. Those kinds of mistakes usually sound like baby talk.
The person who really understands the grammar, the one with the mental agility to analyze his sentence patterns as he uses them is the one who can use who and whom correctly in every kind of sentence.
Ed is the fellow in whom we place our trust. (Correct, since whom is the object of the
preposition in)
Ed is the fellow who we place our trust in. (Incorrect, though this is the way most people
would word this clause.)
The adjective clause is in whom we place our trust. The clause modifies fellow. The pattern of the clause is transitive active. We is the subject. Place is the verb. Trust is the direct object. In whom is a prepositional phrase.
If you want to understand it, make up about 25 examples of your own. Ask other people to give you their examples. Play quiz games with the concept. If you want to learn it, practice it.
Ed is the fellow whom we trust. (Correct, since whom is the direct object)
Ed is the fellow who we trust. (Incorrect, since who is nominative case)
Since this is a difficult concept, we will help you generate a list of adjective clauses by giving you several examples upon which you must build if you really want to learn the current convention of when to use who and whom.
The young man for whom I wrote the letter of introduction was hired by the firm.
The young man who was hired by the firm used my letter of introduction.
A detention was given to the boy who was late for class.
We have to find the person who is leading this expedition.
There is the man whom I dislike intensely.
Elvis Presley, whom we all love, was being shown on the television.
Examples of adjective clauses and the patterns into which they fit
The general who commanded the army at Trenton was George Washington.
General is modified by this clause. Who is the subject. Commanded is the action verb, and army is the direct object making this clause transitive active or pattern #1.
The food that got eaten was purchased on credit.
Food is modified by this adjective clause. That is the subject. Got is the helping verb, and eaten is the action verb transferring its action to the subject, who. The clause is transitive passive or pattern #2.
Abraham Lincoln, who was President at the time, declared martial law.
Abraham Lincoln is modified by this clause. Who is the subject. Was is the linking verb, and President is the predicate noun making the clause intransitive linking or pattern #3.
I was beaten in poker by the man at the table who is clever with cards.
This adjective clause modifies man in the main. Who is the subject. Is is the linking verb, and clever is the predicate adjective making the clause intransitive linking or pattern #4.
Little Joe loved his grandfather who died.
This clause modifies grandfather. Who is the subject. Died is the action verb that does not transfer its action making this clause intransitive complete or pattern #5.
*sumber : http://collaboratory.nunet.net/goals2000/drake/adj_cl.html
Clauses are structured in exactly the same patterns as sentences. Any clause can be identified as either transitive active, transitive passive, intransitive linking or intransitive complete. In other words, when one knows the patterns of sentences, one also knows the pattern of clauses.
Relative pronouns are special pronouns that connect adjective clauses to sentences. Usually, the relative pronoun is the first word in the adjective clause. Here are the relative pronouns:
who
whom
whose
which
that
Examples of adjective clauses
Jeffrey is the bad boy who stole the apples.
The subject of the adjective clause is who. The verb of the adjective clause is stole. The direct object of this clause is apples. Relative pronoun who refers to boy in the main part of the sentence. Boy is the noun that the entire clause describes. Boy is a noun. Anything that describes it would be an adjective. Therefore this clause is an adjective clause. This clause is pattern #1, something does something to something else.
Jane was the girl whom I trusted.
If you are asking why whom, you are asking the right question. An excellent mark of whether someone really understands the grammar of our language or not is whether that someone uses the word whom correctly. Those who use it correctly know the way basic thought patterns (sentences) are constructed. Those who use whom incorrectly are pretending to know grammar. Those who never use it, at the very least, are not being hypocritical.
Here's the secret. Who, whom and whose are of different pronoun cases.
The Three Pronoun Cases
Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case
I me my, mine
she her hers
he him his
they them their
we us ours
it it it
you you your
who whom whose
When a pronoun is used as a subject or the predicate noun in a sentence or a clause, the nominative case is used. Few native speaking individuals past the age of five make glaring mistakes in case when using personal pronouns.
I went to the bathroom. (Correct, since the pronoun is the subject)
Me went to the bathroom. (Incorrect, since we use the nominative case for subjects)
It was she who answered the phone. (Correct, since the pronoun is the predicate noun)
It was her who answered the phone. (Incorrect, since nominative case is used for
predicate nouns)
Me and Joe went to the concert. (Looks good but incorrect since me and Joe are
the subjects of the sentence. The nominative case
is used when the pronoun is used for a subject.)
When is the objective case used? Use the objective case when the pronoun is used as the object of a preposition or as the direct object.
My father gave his car to me. (Correct, since me is the object of the preposition to)
My father gave his car to I. (Incorrect, since the pronoun is the object of the
preposition)
Joe's insult hurt me. (Correct, since me is the direct object of hurt)
Joe's insult hurt I. (Incorrect, since I is the nominative case.)
See what we mean? Not many people use personal pronouns in the wrong case. Those kinds of mistakes usually sound like baby talk.
The person who really understands the grammar, the one with the mental agility to analyze his sentence patterns as he uses them is the one who can use who and whom correctly in every kind of sentence.
Ed is the fellow in whom we place our trust. (Correct, since whom is the object of the
preposition in)
Ed is the fellow who we place our trust in. (Incorrect, though this is the way most people
would word this clause.)
The adjective clause is in whom we place our trust. The clause modifies fellow. The pattern of the clause is transitive active. We is the subject. Place is the verb. Trust is the direct object. In whom is a prepositional phrase.
If you want to understand it, make up about 25 examples of your own. Ask other people to give you their examples. Play quiz games with the concept. If you want to learn it, practice it.
Ed is the fellow whom we trust. (Correct, since whom is the direct object)
Ed is the fellow who we trust. (Incorrect, since who is nominative case)
Since this is a difficult concept, we will help you generate a list of adjective clauses by giving you several examples upon which you must build if you really want to learn the current convention of when to use who and whom.
The young man for whom I wrote the letter of introduction was hired by the firm.
The young man who was hired by the firm used my letter of introduction.
A detention was given to the boy who was late for class.
We have to find the person who is leading this expedition.
There is the man whom I dislike intensely.
Elvis Presley, whom we all love, was being shown on the television.
Examples of adjective clauses and the patterns into which they fit
The general who commanded the army at Trenton was George Washington.
General is modified by this clause. Who is the subject. Commanded is the action verb, and army is the direct object making this clause transitive active or pattern #1.
The food that got eaten was purchased on credit.
Food is modified by this adjective clause. That is the subject. Got is the helping verb, and eaten is the action verb transferring its action to the subject, who. The clause is transitive passive or pattern #2.
Abraham Lincoln, who was President at the time, declared martial law.
Abraham Lincoln is modified by this clause. Who is the subject. Was is the linking verb, and President is the predicate noun making the clause intransitive linking or pattern #3.
I was beaten in poker by the man at the table who is clever with cards.
This adjective clause modifies man in the main. Who is the subject. Is is the linking verb, and clever is the predicate adjective making the clause intransitive linking or pattern #4.
Little Joe loved his grandfather who died.
This clause modifies grandfather. Who is the subject. Died is the action verb that does not transfer its action making this clause intransitive complete or pattern #5.
*sumber : http://collaboratory.nunet.net/goals2000/drake/adj_cl.html
Rabu, 10 Maret 2010
CURRICULUM VITAE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Details :
Name : Da’I Hudaya
Current Address : Jln. Albaidho 1 Gg makmur 1 Rt 007/06 No 41 Lubang Buaya Jakarta Timur
Phone : 0856-17-234-456 / 021-8404843
E-Mail : Masday_ojan@yahoo.co.id
Date of Birth : December 08 , 1986
Place of Birth : Jatinegara, Jakarta Timur, Indonesia
Sex : Male
Marital Status : Single
Nationality : Indonesia
Educational Background :
School Place Period
Elementary School SDN 09 PAGI 1993 – 1999
Junior High School Islamic Boarding School of GONTOR Ponorogo. Jawa Timur 1999 – 2001
Senior High School Islamic Boarding School of GONTOR Ponorogo. Jawa Timur 2002 - 2004
College Gunadarma University 2006 - S1 – Economic Management GPA :
Individual :
1. Hobbies : Reading, Friendship, sport, movie, music
2. Professional and hard worker & can use Ms. Word, Ms. Power Point, and Ms. Excel
Depok, February 26th 2010
Da’i Hudaya
Personal Details :
Name : Da’I Hudaya
Current Address : Jln. Albaidho 1 Gg makmur 1 Rt 007/06 No 41 Lubang Buaya Jakarta Timur
Phone : 0856-17-234-456 / 021-8404843
E-Mail : Masday_ojan@yahoo.co.id
Date of Birth : December 08 , 1986
Place of Birth : Jatinegara, Jakarta Timur, Indonesia
Sex : Male
Marital Status : Single
Nationality : Indonesia
Educational Background :
School Place Period
Elementary School SDN 09 PAGI 1993 – 1999
Junior High School Islamic Boarding School of GONTOR Ponorogo. Jawa Timur 1999 – 2001
Senior High School Islamic Boarding School of GONTOR Ponorogo. Jawa Timur 2002 - 2004
College Gunadarma University 2006 - S1 – Economic Management GPA :
Individual :
1. Hobbies : Reading, Friendship, sport, movie, music
2. Professional and hard worker & can use Ms. Word, Ms. Power Point, and Ms. Excel
Depok, February 26th 2010
Da’i Hudaya
Active Passive Sentence
Active (Simple Forms)
Simple Present I drive
Simple Past I drove
Present Perfect I have driven
Past Perfect I had driven
will-future I will drive
Future Perfect I will have driven
Conditional I I would drive
Conditional II I would have driven
Active (Progressive/Continuous Forms)
Simple Present I am driving
Simple Past I was driving
Present Perfect I have been driving
Past Perfect I had been driving
will-future I will be driving
Future Perfect I will have been driving
Conditional I I would be driving
Conditional II I would have been driving
Passive (Simple Forms)
Simple Present I am driven
Simple Past I was driven
Present Perfect I have been driven
Past Perfect I had been driven
will-future I will be driven
Future Perfect I will have been driven
Conditional I I would be driven
Conditional II I would have been driven
Passive (Progressive/Continuous Forms)
Present I am being driven
Past I was being driven
Present Perfect ¹ I have been being driven
Past Perfect ¹ I had been being driven
Future ¹ I will be being driven
Future Perfect ¹ I will have been being driven
Conditional I ¹ I would be being driven
Conditional II ¹ I would have been being driven
Simple Present I drive
Simple Past I drove
Present Perfect I have driven
Past Perfect I had driven
will-future I will drive
Future Perfect I will have driven
Conditional I I would drive
Conditional II I would have driven
Active (Progressive/Continuous Forms)
Simple Present I am driving
Simple Past I was driving
Present Perfect I have been driving
Past Perfect I had been driving
will-future I will be driving
Future Perfect I will have been driving
Conditional I I would be driving
Conditional II I would have been driving
Passive (Simple Forms)
Simple Present I am driven
Simple Past I was driven
Present Perfect I have been driven
Past Perfect I had been driven
will-future I will be driven
Future Perfect I will have been driven
Conditional I I would be driven
Conditional II I would have been driven
Passive (Progressive/Continuous Forms)
Present I am being driven
Past I was being driven
Present Perfect ¹ I have been being driven
Past Perfect ¹ I had been being driven
Future ¹ I will be being driven
Future Perfect ¹ I will have been being driven
Conditional I ¹ I would be being driven
Conditional II ¹ I would have been being driven
Senin, 01 Maret 2010
The Marketing Mindset: How to Engage Yours
FREE MARKETING RESOURCES
The Marketing Mindset: How to Engage Yours
By M. Michelle Poskaitis, CEO, Originations Marketing LLC
Strategic marketing is at once a business philosophy and a practical discipline of management pervading every function of the organization with a focus on the customer and the world in which they live. It requires clear understanding and articulation of the past and present as well as a forecast of what might happen in the future.
Strategic marketing is characteristically “outside-in,” meaning that your attention originates with the customer, not the organization, ultimately helping you to create products, services, and experiences to ensure an ongoing, satisfying relationship between the two.
For decades, the four Ps—product, price, place, and promotion—have served as the framework for effective marketing management. The blend of these four variables resulted in a marketing mix to form the basis of an organization’s marketing initiatives. The four Ps are:
Product: products and services an organization produces and sells (because it can);
Price: the amount charged (to cover costs and make profit);
Place: where the organization distributes products or services (because they are the easiest and cheapest places to do so); and
Promotion: what the organization says about the product or service (to the masses whenever, wherever, and however they want).
This framework evolved some 40 years ago, in an age of consumerism characterized by caveat emptor—let the buyer beware.
Today, organizations need to adopt the four Cs—customer, cost, convenience, and communication—in framing strategic marketing initiatives to achieve organizational objectives. Coined by Robert F. Lauterborn, co-author of The New Marketing Paradigm: Integrated Marketing Communications (NTC Business Books, 1997), the four Cs encourage us to operate our organizations from the customer’s perspective. Lauterborn advises the following:
"Forget product. Study consumer wants and needs. You can no longer sell whatever you can make. You can only sell what someone specifically wants to buy.
Forget price. Understand consumers’ costs to satisfy their wants or needs.
Forget place. Think convenience to buy. Finally,
Forget promotion. The word is communication.”
Lauterborn’s approach isn’t a marketing fad. It’s a fundamental shift in management philosophy and practice, primarily in response to dramatic changes in how people decide to purchase. So, while the product or service is an essential ingredient, it’s pointless without a customer. Pricing affects profits, but only to the extent that the customer will buy at your price points. Therefore, your pricing needs to consider cost recovery as well as the customer’s intellectual, emotional, and sensate response to paying the sales price.
With the Internet and increased competition, availability of comparable products and services is infinite. How convenient do you make it for customers to acquire your products or services? Are your publications available on your Web site, at your annual meeting, and from other sources?
Fifty years ago, mass marketing worked. Promotion focused on mass distribution of the same message. Since then, consumers have grown up in a culture pervaded with media. Today, old and young alike are inundated with advertising messages. Like any long-term relationship, two-way communication is essential. In today’s economy, it’s too easy for customers to take their dollars elsewhere.
Successful marketing is not a random phenomenon. People who consistently win aren’t lucky; they make it happen. In addition to being creative, strategic marketing requires you to be:
Analytical. You must find, face, and act on the facts and logical assumptions of the market environment; target audience; available budget; and other opportunities, limitations, and resources that converge to form your organization’s present reality. You’ll also need to experiment and embrace the lessons learned from each success and failure.
Collaborative. Marketing is an integrated business discipline that affects and requires input from every area of your organization. You cannot do effective marketing alone. Whether your organization operates a centralized or decentralized marketing department, those responsible for the marketing function need the wisdom, resources, and cooperation of all stakeholders—especially co-workers, service providers, strategic partners, and customers—to accomplish the organization’s goals. Collaboration and open communication ensure credibility and buy-in from your colleagues.
Curious. Effective marketing requires a wholesome, eager desire to learn and be informed by customers, competitors, market opportunities, new strategies, successes, and failures. It asks you to consistently strive for a 360-degree view of a moving target, to observe as an enthusiast in the bleachers, a coach along the sidelines, a player on the bench, a reporter in the media box, a fan tuning in for the play-by-play, and a team player who scores the winning goal.
Flexible. As markets evolve, you need to meet your customers where they live, work, and play. As products and services age, you need to redesign, repackage, or retire. When operations break down, you need to adjust people and priorities. You need to bend—and even contort—without breaking. Sometimes that means going with the flow. Sometimes that means interrupting and redirecting the flow. Other times that means turning a program upside down for a new perspective. However you and your organization choose to achieve it, flexibility is essential.
Committed. It takes time and constancy to nurture and sustain profitable relationships with prospects and customers. Big goals require sustained, collaborative action, and most strategic marketing initiatives demand more than 12 months to mature and become fully productive. You must think and act in the long term while reaching short-term milestones that consistently move the organization toward a desired future.
The Marketing Mindset: How to Engage Yours
By M. Michelle Poskaitis, CEO, Originations Marketing LLC
Strategic marketing is at once a business philosophy and a practical discipline of management pervading every function of the organization with a focus on the customer and the world in which they live. It requires clear understanding and articulation of the past and present as well as a forecast of what might happen in the future.
Strategic marketing is characteristically “outside-in,” meaning that your attention originates with the customer, not the organization, ultimately helping you to create products, services, and experiences to ensure an ongoing, satisfying relationship between the two.
For decades, the four Ps—product, price, place, and promotion—have served as the framework for effective marketing management. The blend of these four variables resulted in a marketing mix to form the basis of an organization’s marketing initiatives. The four Ps are:
Product: products and services an organization produces and sells (because it can);
Price: the amount charged (to cover costs and make profit);
Place: where the organization distributes products or services (because they are the easiest and cheapest places to do so); and
Promotion: what the organization says about the product or service (to the masses whenever, wherever, and however they want).
This framework evolved some 40 years ago, in an age of consumerism characterized by caveat emptor—let the buyer beware.
Today, organizations need to adopt the four Cs—customer, cost, convenience, and communication—in framing strategic marketing initiatives to achieve organizational objectives. Coined by Robert F. Lauterborn, co-author of The New Marketing Paradigm: Integrated Marketing Communications (NTC Business Books, 1997), the four Cs encourage us to operate our organizations from the customer’s perspective. Lauterborn advises the following:
"Forget product. Study consumer wants and needs. You can no longer sell whatever you can make. You can only sell what someone specifically wants to buy.
Forget price. Understand consumers’ costs to satisfy their wants or needs.
Forget place. Think convenience to buy. Finally,
Forget promotion. The word is communication.”
Lauterborn’s approach isn’t a marketing fad. It’s a fundamental shift in management philosophy and practice, primarily in response to dramatic changes in how people decide to purchase. So, while the product or service is an essential ingredient, it’s pointless without a customer. Pricing affects profits, but only to the extent that the customer will buy at your price points. Therefore, your pricing needs to consider cost recovery as well as the customer’s intellectual, emotional, and sensate response to paying the sales price.
With the Internet and increased competition, availability of comparable products and services is infinite. How convenient do you make it for customers to acquire your products or services? Are your publications available on your Web site, at your annual meeting, and from other sources?
Fifty years ago, mass marketing worked. Promotion focused on mass distribution of the same message. Since then, consumers have grown up in a culture pervaded with media. Today, old and young alike are inundated with advertising messages. Like any long-term relationship, two-way communication is essential. In today’s economy, it’s too easy for customers to take their dollars elsewhere.
Successful marketing is not a random phenomenon. People who consistently win aren’t lucky; they make it happen. In addition to being creative, strategic marketing requires you to be:
Analytical. You must find, face, and act on the facts and logical assumptions of the market environment; target audience; available budget; and other opportunities, limitations, and resources that converge to form your organization’s present reality. You’ll also need to experiment and embrace the lessons learned from each success and failure.
Collaborative. Marketing is an integrated business discipline that affects and requires input from every area of your organization. You cannot do effective marketing alone. Whether your organization operates a centralized or decentralized marketing department, those responsible for the marketing function need the wisdom, resources, and cooperation of all stakeholders—especially co-workers, service providers, strategic partners, and customers—to accomplish the organization’s goals. Collaboration and open communication ensure credibility and buy-in from your colleagues.
Curious. Effective marketing requires a wholesome, eager desire to learn and be informed by customers, competitors, market opportunities, new strategies, successes, and failures. It asks you to consistently strive for a 360-degree view of a moving target, to observe as an enthusiast in the bleachers, a coach along the sidelines, a player on the bench, a reporter in the media box, a fan tuning in for the play-by-play, and a team player who scores the winning goal.
Flexible. As markets evolve, you need to meet your customers where they live, work, and play. As products and services age, you need to redesign, repackage, or retire. When operations break down, you need to adjust people and priorities. You need to bend—and even contort—without breaking. Sometimes that means going with the flow. Sometimes that means interrupting and redirecting the flow. Other times that means turning a program upside down for a new perspective. However you and your organization choose to achieve it, flexibility is essential.
Committed. It takes time and constancy to nurture and sustain profitable relationships with prospects and customers. Big goals require sustained, collaborative action, and most strategic marketing initiatives demand more than 12 months to mature and become fully productive. You must think and act in the long term while reaching short-term milestones that consistently move the organization toward a desired future.
Conditional Sentences
Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, sering kita berandai-andai. Misalnya, seandainya (jika) kamu mau jadi pacar saya, saya akan buat kamu orang paling bahagia di dunia. Seandainya saya kaya, saya akan bangun hotel bintang 5 di pantai Kuta. Seandainya saya punya sayap, saya akan terbang petikkan bintang untukmu. Dan seterusnya. Kalimat-kalimat seperti ini disebut kalimat pengandaian atau dalam bahasa Inggris disebut conditional sentences.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:
a. digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali oleh if maka disebut if clause.
b. digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc. pada pokok kalimat (main clause).
Conditional sentences dikelompokkan menjadi 2 tipe, yaitu: real conditional dan unreal/contrary to fact. Tulisan ini khusus membahas real conditionals, sedangkan untuk unreal conditional dapat dibaca di topik Conditional sentences (Part 2).
Real conditionals (factual / habitual / hypothetical / future possible)
Kalimat pengandaian tipe ini digunakan untuk mengekpresikan situasi atau aktivitas yang biasanya terjadi atau akan terjadi jika situasi pada if clause terpenuhi. Dengan kata lain, apa yang diandaikan itu memiliki peluang untuk terjadi atau menjadi kenyataan.
Sebagai contoh, ketika seorang teman mengajak saya, apakah malam ini saya mau nonton atau tidak, saya mungkin katakan:
If I have the time, I will go. (Jika saya punya waktu, saya akan pergi).
Kalimat ini secara implisit juga berarti,
If I don’t have the time, I will not go. (Jika saya tidak punya waktu, saya tidak akan pergi).
Penggunaan real conditionals
Kalimat pengandaian tipe ini dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan:
a. Future time
If + S + present tense, S +
will
+ Verb1
can
may
must
Note: if clause bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat (seperti formula di atas), bisa juga diletakkan di belakang setelah main clause. Ini tidak merubah arti kalimat. Dengan catatan, jika if clause diletakkan di belakang, tanda koma tidak diperlukan.
Contoh:
1.If I have the money, I will give it to you. (Jika saya punya uangnya, saya akan memberikannya kepada kamu).
2.If you keep driving on this speed, we may arrive at home before 10 p.m. (Jika kamu terus nyetir mobil pada kecepatan ini, kita mungkin tiba di rumah sebelum jam 10 malam).
3.I can pass this subject if I study hard. (Saya dapat lulus mata kuliah ini, jika saya belajar giat).
4.You must bring an umbrella if I you don’t want to get wet. (Kamu harus membawa payung, jika kamu tidak ingin basah (kehujanan).
b. Habitual (kebiasaan/habit)
If + S + verb1, S + verb1
Note: Dalam formula ini, modal auxiliary tidak digunakan.
Contoh:
1.If Budi has enough time, he usually walks to campus. (Jika Budi punya cukup waktu, dia biasanya jalan kaki ke kampus).
2.I usually watch football on TV every Saturday night if I do not fall asleep. (Saya biasanya nonton sepakbola di TV tiap Sabtu malam jika saya tidak tertidur).
3.If he has money, he always treats us. (Jika dia punya uang, dia selalu mentraktir kita).
c. Command (perintah)
If + S + verb1, S + verb1
Contoh:
1.If you finish with your work, please help me. (Jika kamu selesai dengan pekerjaanmu, tolong bantu saya).
2.Please give me a cigarette if you don’t mind. (Tolong beri saya sepuntung rokok, jika kamu tidak keberatan).
3.If you have time, please meet me in my office. (Jika kamu punya waktu, tolong temui saya di kantor saya).
Conditional Sentences (Type 1)
conditional sentences (kalimat pengandaian). Conditional sentences terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu subordinate clause (if-clause) yang merupakan pernyataan syarat dan main clause yang merupakan akibat terpenuhi atau tidaknya syarat yang terkandung dalam subordinate clause.
Conditional sentences ada tiga jenis. Berikut ini akan kita bahas satu-persatu :
if clause : simple present tense
main clause : simple future tense
Pada tipe 1 ini suatu tindakan dalam main clause akan terjadi bila syarat dalam if-clause terpenuhi.
Example :
If I have a lot of money, I will buy a new car.
Conditional Sentences (Type 2)
if clause : simple past tense
main clause : past future tense (S + would + V1)
Tipe ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan/keadaan yang berlawanan/ bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada saat ini. Sebenarnya syarat dalam if-clause bisa saja terpenuhi, tetapi kemungkinannya sangat kecil.
Example :
If you studied hard, you would pass the exam.
(Real fact : You don’t study hard.)
Conditional sentence type 3
if clause : past perfect tense (S + had + V3)
main clause : past future perfect (S + would have + V3)
Conditional sentence type 3 ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu syarat yang tidak mungkin lagi dipenuhi karena waktunya telah berlalu. Dengan kata lain, kenyataan bertentangan/berlawanan dengan keadaan di masa lampau.
Example :
If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam.
(Real fact : I didn’t study hard, so I didn’t pass the exam.
Atau, I didn’t pass the exam because I didn’t study hard.)
Exercise :
1. If I miss (miss) the buss the bus this afternoon , I’ll get a taxi.
2. If I had more money, would you marry (you,marry) me ?
3. Please don’t sign this contract before I checked (check, them)
4. You would have a lot off friends if you (not,be) so mean.
5. If she had bought a new house she would have been (be )happy.
6. If your conditions are competitive, we (place) will an order.
7. If I had more time, I (do) would do a course in business English.
8. If we had known more about their culture, negotiating (be) would have been easier.
9. If you (customize) customize your CV, your chances of getting a job will be better.
10. We (cancel) cancel our order if you don't deliver the goods by Friday.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:
a. digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali oleh if maka disebut if clause.
b. digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc. pada pokok kalimat (main clause).
Conditional sentences dikelompokkan menjadi 2 tipe, yaitu: real conditional dan unreal/contrary to fact. Tulisan ini khusus membahas real conditionals, sedangkan untuk unreal conditional dapat dibaca di topik Conditional sentences (Part 2).
Real conditionals (factual / habitual / hypothetical / future possible)
Kalimat pengandaian tipe ini digunakan untuk mengekpresikan situasi atau aktivitas yang biasanya terjadi atau akan terjadi jika situasi pada if clause terpenuhi. Dengan kata lain, apa yang diandaikan itu memiliki peluang untuk terjadi atau menjadi kenyataan.
Sebagai contoh, ketika seorang teman mengajak saya, apakah malam ini saya mau nonton atau tidak, saya mungkin katakan:
If I have the time, I will go. (Jika saya punya waktu, saya akan pergi).
Kalimat ini secara implisit juga berarti,
If I don’t have the time, I will not go. (Jika saya tidak punya waktu, saya tidak akan pergi).
Penggunaan real conditionals
Kalimat pengandaian tipe ini dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan:
a. Future time
If + S + present tense, S +
will
+ Verb1
can
may
must
Note: if clause bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat (seperti formula di atas), bisa juga diletakkan di belakang setelah main clause. Ini tidak merubah arti kalimat. Dengan catatan, jika if clause diletakkan di belakang, tanda koma tidak diperlukan.
Contoh:
1.If I have the money, I will give it to you. (Jika saya punya uangnya, saya akan memberikannya kepada kamu).
2.If you keep driving on this speed, we may arrive at home before 10 p.m. (Jika kamu terus nyetir mobil pada kecepatan ini, kita mungkin tiba di rumah sebelum jam 10 malam).
3.I can pass this subject if I study hard. (Saya dapat lulus mata kuliah ini, jika saya belajar giat).
4.You must bring an umbrella if I you don’t want to get wet. (Kamu harus membawa payung, jika kamu tidak ingin basah (kehujanan).
b. Habitual (kebiasaan/habit)
If + S + verb1, S + verb1
Note: Dalam formula ini, modal auxiliary tidak digunakan.
Contoh:
1.If Budi has enough time, he usually walks to campus. (Jika Budi punya cukup waktu, dia biasanya jalan kaki ke kampus).
2.I usually watch football on TV every Saturday night if I do not fall asleep. (Saya biasanya nonton sepakbola di TV tiap Sabtu malam jika saya tidak tertidur).
3.If he has money, he always treats us. (Jika dia punya uang, dia selalu mentraktir kita).
c. Command (perintah)
If + S + verb1, S + verb1
Contoh:
1.If you finish with your work, please help me. (Jika kamu selesai dengan pekerjaanmu, tolong bantu saya).
2.Please give me a cigarette if you don’t mind. (Tolong beri saya sepuntung rokok, jika kamu tidak keberatan).
3.If you have time, please meet me in my office. (Jika kamu punya waktu, tolong temui saya di kantor saya).
Conditional Sentences (Type 1)
conditional sentences (kalimat pengandaian). Conditional sentences terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu subordinate clause (if-clause) yang merupakan pernyataan syarat dan main clause yang merupakan akibat terpenuhi atau tidaknya syarat yang terkandung dalam subordinate clause.
Conditional sentences ada tiga jenis. Berikut ini akan kita bahas satu-persatu :
if clause : simple present tense
main clause : simple future tense
Pada tipe 1 ini suatu tindakan dalam main clause akan terjadi bila syarat dalam if-clause terpenuhi.
Example :
If I have a lot of money, I will buy a new car.
Conditional Sentences (Type 2)
if clause : simple past tense
main clause : past future tense (S + would + V1)
Tipe ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan/keadaan yang berlawanan/ bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada saat ini. Sebenarnya syarat dalam if-clause bisa saja terpenuhi, tetapi kemungkinannya sangat kecil.
Example :
If you studied hard, you would pass the exam.
(Real fact : You don’t study hard.)
Conditional sentence type 3
if clause : past perfect tense (S + had + V3)
main clause : past future perfect (S + would have + V3)
Conditional sentence type 3 ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu syarat yang tidak mungkin lagi dipenuhi karena waktunya telah berlalu. Dengan kata lain, kenyataan bertentangan/berlawanan dengan keadaan di masa lampau.
Example :
If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam.
(Real fact : I didn’t study hard, so I didn’t pass the exam.
Atau, I didn’t pass the exam because I didn’t study hard.)
Exercise :
1. If I miss (miss) the buss the bus this afternoon , I’ll get a taxi.
2. If I had more money, would you marry (you,marry) me ?
3. Please don’t sign this contract before I checked (check, them)
4. You would have a lot off friends if you (not,be) so mean.
5. If she had bought a new house she would have been (be )happy.
6. If your conditions are competitive, we (place) will an order.
7. If I had more time, I (do) would do a course in business English.
8. If we had known more about their culture, negotiating (be) would have been easier.
9. If you (customize) customize your CV, your chances of getting a job will be better.
10. We (cancel) cancel our order if you don't deliver the goods by Friday.
Selasa, 05 Januari 2010
Persaingan Bisnis Alfamart vs. Indomaret
Indofood Group merupakan perusahaan pertama yang menjadi pionir lahirnya mini market di Indonesia pada tahun 1988. Kemudian Hero Supermarket mendirikan Starmart pada tahun 1991. Di susul Alfa Group mendirikan Alfa Minimart pada tahun 1999 yang kemudian berubah menjadi Alfamart. Dalam hitungan tahun, mini market telah menyebar ke berbagai daerah seiring dengan perubahan orientasi konsumen dalam pola berbelanja untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari. Dulu konsumen hanya mengejar harga murah, sekarang tidak hanya itu saja tetapi kenyamanan berbelanja pun menjadi daya tarik tersendiri.
Bisnis mini market melalui jejaring waralaba alias franchise berkembang biak sampai pelosok kota kecamatan kecil. Tumbuh subur bak jamur di musim hujan. Khususnya mini market dengan brand Indomaret dan Alfamart. Siapa yang tidak kenal Indomaret? Dan siapa yang tidak kenal Alfamart? Anak kecil pun kalau beli permen pasti “nunjuknya” minta ke Indomaret atau ke Alfamart. Kedua merk ini dimiliki oleh group perusahaan raksasa yaitu Indomaret milik PT. Indomarco Prismatama (Indofood Group) dan Alfamart milik perusahaan patungan antara Alfa Group dan PT. HM Sampoerna, Tbk.
Indomaret ternyata berkembang tidak hanya dengan jejaring waralaba yang mencapai 785 gerai, tetapi gerai milik sendiri seabreg jumlahnya mencapai 1072 gerai(lihat grafik perkembangan toko yang diambil dari www.indomaret.co.id ). Sedangkan Alfamart berdasarkan penelusuran penulis di www.alfamartku.com memiliki 1400 gerai, tidak diperoleh data mengenai jumlah yang dimiliki sendiri dan yang dimiliki terwaralaba.
Bila kita hitung rata-rata nilai investasi minimal untuk mendirikan mini market waralaba sekitar Rp. 300 juta saja (diluar bangunan). Dikalikan dengan 1.072 gerai yang dimiliki sendiri. Berapa ratus milyar PT. Indomarco Prismatama mengeluarkan dana untuk investasi di bisnis mini market? Indofood Group juga ternyata tidak saja pemilik merk Indomaret, tetapi juga mendirikan mini market Omi, Ceriamart, dan Citimart lewat anak perusahaannya yang lain. Belum lagi didukung dengan distribusi barang, bahkan juga sebagai produsen beberapa merk kebutuhan pokok sehari-hari. Semua dikuasai dari hulu sampai hilir. Dari sabang sampai merauke.
Persaingan Tidak Seimbang
Pasti kita maklum bersama, betapa sengitnya persaingan di bisnis ritel khususnya Indomaret dan Alfamart sebagai market leader mini market. Dengan mengutip kalimat dalam artikel Sektor Ritel Makin Menggiurkan pada Swa Sembada No.01/XX/6-8 Januari 2005 (sumber.www.indomaret.co.id ) bahwa”Yang mungkin sangat sengit persaingannya adalah dalam hal perebutan lokasi. Pastinya setiap pemain memperebutkan lokasi-lokasi yang dinilai strategis. Apalagi di bisnis ini lokasi merupakan salah satu faktor yang sangat penting. Perebutan lokasi strategis ini, bisa juga berpengaruh terhadap harga property. Bisa saja harga ruko jadi naik karena tingginya demand terhadap mini market.”
Jadi betapa agresifnya indomaret dan alfamart dalam memperebutkan lokasi yang dinilai strategis. Bahkan hampir di setiap komplek perumahan/pemukiman pasti akan berdiri salah satu mini market waralaba tersebut dan atau keduanya. Sudah tidak mungkin pedagang eceran tradisional akan mampu mencari lokasi strategis lagi untuk saat ini dan di masa mendatang. Jika kita bandingkan dari modal saja, pedagang eceran sudah sulit bergerak.
Selain itu supermarket, toserba, dan bahkan kini ada pasar raksasa bernama hypermarket bermunculan. Baik hypermarket lokal maupun hypermarket dari luar sana. Sekedar ilustrasi mari kita berhitung sejenak, berapa banyak jumlah pasar raksasa tersebut mulai dari jalan Thamrin, Cikokol sampai BSD City di serpong, Tangerang. Di Kota Modern (Modernland) ada Hypermart , lalu hanya sekitar berjarak 1 km berdiri megah Carefour. Berikutnya di Serpong Town Square, kebon nanas berdiri Giant Hypermarket. Kemudian di World Trade Centre (WTC) Matahari, Serpong berdiri kembali Hypermart. Di samping pintu gerbang perumahan Villa Melati Mas, ada lagi Giant Hypermarket. Dan di International Trade Centre (ITC) BSD City ada Carefour. Semua itu jaraknya antara pasar raksasa yang satu dengan pasar raksasa yang lain hanya sekitar 1 km. Luarrr biasa.!
Apalagi jika kita melihat perang harga promosi mini market atau legih gila lagi hypermarket raksasa. Dengan spanduk atau baliho besar bertuliskan nama barang dan harganya yang fantastis rendah. ! Entah banting harga atau memang harga beli mereka yang teramat rendah bila di bandingkan dengan harga beli pedagang eceran kecil bergerai warung atau toko tradisional. Memang tidak semua barang berharga murah, tetapi membanting harga sedemikian rendahnya di bawah harga pasar, membuat miris para pedagang eceran kecil. Masih untung Cuma perang harga!
Dengan tidak bermaksud menggugat cara-cara promosi yang dilakukan oleh para pengelola pasar raksasa tersebut. Penulis hanya ingin mengajak kepada para pengelola pasar raksasa untuk membayangkan sejenak. Bagaimana perasaan pedagang warung dan toko tradisional, ketika ada konsumen bilang “di hypermarket aja harganya sekian???”. Kita tidak menyalahkan konsumen yang punya pemikiran demikian, membandingkan harga di hypermarket dengan di warung atau toko tradisionl. Juga tidak bisa menyalahkan hypermarket dengan promosi harga yang gila-gilaan. Mungkin ini salah satu fenomena globalisasi.
Bisnis mini market melalui jejaring waralaba alias franchise berkembang biak sampai pelosok kota kecamatan kecil. Tumbuh subur bak jamur di musim hujan. Khususnya mini market dengan brand Indomaret dan Alfamart. Siapa yang tidak kenal Indomaret? Dan siapa yang tidak kenal Alfamart? Anak kecil pun kalau beli permen pasti “nunjuknya” minta ke Indomaret atau ke Alfamart. Kedua merk ini dimiliki oleh group perusahaan raksasa yaitu Indomaret milik PT. Indomarco Prismatama (Indofood Group) dan Alfamart milik perusahaan patungan antara Alfa Group dan PT. HM Sampoerna, Tbk.
Indomaret ternyata berkembang tidak hanya dengan jejaring waralaba yang mencapai 785 gerai, tetapi gerai milik sendiri seabreg jumlahnya mencapai 1072 gerai(lihat grafik perkembangan toko yang diambil dari www.indomaret.co.id ). Sedangkan Alfamart berdasarkan penelusuran penulis di www.alfamartku.com memiliki 1400 gerai, tidak diperoleh data mengenai jumlah yang dimiliki sendiri dan yang dimiliki terwaralaba.
Bila kita hitung rata-rata nilai investasi minimal untuk mendirikan mini market waralaba sekitar Rp. 300 juta saja (diluar bangunan). Dikalikan dengan 1.072 gerai yang dimiliki sendiri. Berapa ratus milyar PT. Indomarco Prismatama mengeluarkan dana untuk investasi di bisnis mini market? Indofood Group juga ternyata tidak saja pemilik merk Indomaret, tetapi juga mendirikan mini market Omi, Ceriamart, dan Citimart lewat anak perusahaannya yang lain. Belum lagi didukung dengan distribusi barang, bahkan juga sebagai produsen beberapa merk kebutuhan pokok sehari-hari. Semua dikuasai dari hulu sampai hilir. Dari sabang sampai merauke.
Persaingan Tidak Seimbang
Pasti kita maklum bersama, betapa sengitnya persaingan di bisnis ritel khususnya Indomaret dan Alfamart sebagai market leader mini market. Dengan mengutip kalimat dalam artikel Sektor Ritel Makin Menggiurkan pada Swa Sembada No.01/XX/6-8 Januari 2005 (sumber.www.indomaret.co.id ) bahwa”Yang mungkin sangat sengit persaingannya adalah dalam hal perebutan lokasi. Pastinya setiap pemain memperebutkan lokasi-lokasi yang dinilai strategis. Apalagi di bisnis ini lokasi merupakan salah satu faktor yang sangat penting. Perebutan lokasi strategis ini, bisa juga berpengaruh terhadap harga property. Bisa saja harga ruko jadi naik karena tingginya demand terhadap mini market.”
Jadi betapa agresifnya indomaret dan alfamart dalam memperebutkan lokasi yang dinilai strategis. Bahkan hampir di setiap komplek perumahan/pemukiman pasti akan berdiri salah satu mini market waralaba tersebut dan atau keduanya. Sudah tidak mungkin pedagang eceran tradisional akan mampu mencari lokasi strategis lagi untuk saat ini dan di masa mendatang. Jika kita bandingkan dari modal saja, pedagang eceran sudah sulit bergerak.
Selain itu supermarket, toserba, dan bahkan kini ada pasar raksasa bernama hypermarket bermunculan. Baik hypermarket lokal maupun hypermarket dari luar sana. Sekedar ilustrasi mari kita berhitung sejenak, berapa banyak jumlah pasar raksasa tersebut mulai dari jalan Thamrin, Cikokol sampai BSD City di serpong, Tangerang. Di Kota Modern (Modernland) ada Hypermart , lalu hanya sekitar berjarak 1 km berdiri megah Carefour. Berikutnya di Serpong Town Square, kebon nanas berdiri Giant Hypermarket. Kemudian di World Trade Centre (WTC) Matahari, Serpong berdiri kembali Hypermart. Di samping pintu gerbang perumahan Villa Melati Mas, ada lagi Giant Hypermarket. Dan di International Trade Centre (ITC) BSD City ada Carefour. Semua itu jaraknya antara pasar raksasa yang satu dengan pasar raksasa yang lain hanya sekitar 1 km. Luarrr biasa.!
Apalagi jika kita melihat perang harga promosi mini market atau legih gila lagi hypermarket raksasa. Dengan spanduk atau baliho besar bertuliskan nama barang dan harganya yang fantastis rendah. ! Entah banting harga atau memang harga beli mereka yang teramat rendah bila di bandingkan dengan harga beli pedagang eceran kecil bergerai warung atau toko tradisional. Memang tidak semua barang berharga murah, tetapi membanting harga sedemikian rendahnya di bawah harga pasar, membuat miris para pedagang eceran kecil. Masih untung Cuma perang harga!
Dengan tidak bermaksud menggugat cara-cara promosi yang dilakukan oleh para pengelola pasar raksasa tersebut. Penulis hanya ingin mengajak kepada para pengelola pasar raksasa untuk membayangkan sejenak. Bagaimana perasaan pedagang warung dan toko tradisional, ketika ada konsumen bilang “di hypermarket aja harganya sekian???”. Kita tidak menyalahkan konsumen yang punya pemikiran demikian, membandingkan harga di hypermarket dengan di warung atau toko tradisionl. Juga tidak bisa menyalahkan hypermarket dengan promosi harga yang gila-gilaan. Mungkin ini salah satu fenomena globalisasi.
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